ABI OMICSS Guide 2021
  • Welcome
  • Week 1
    • Molecular Biology
      • Introduction to Biology
      • Macromolecules
      • DNA & RNA
      • Cell Division
    • Command-Line
      • Connecting to the Server
      • The Linux Command-Line For Beginners
      • The Bash Terminal
    • R Programming
      • Getting Started
      • The Basics
      • Data Types
    • Week 1 Exam
  • Week 2
    • Molecular Biology
      • DNA Proofreading And Repair
      • Telomeres and Telomerase
      • Genes
      • The One Gene, One Enzyme Hypothesis
      • Transcription
      • Translation
    • R Programming
      • Data Types (continuation)
      • Reading Data
      • Subsetting
      • Control Structures
      • Functions
      • Scoping Rules
    • Week 2 Exam
  • Week 3
    • Molecular Biology
      • tRNA and Ribosomes
      • Stages of Translation & Protein Targeting
      • Heredity
      • Probabilities In Genetics
    • R Programming
      • Loop Functions
      • Base Graphics
    • Statistics and R
      • The Basics
    • Week 3 Exam
  • Week 4
    • Molecular Biology
      • Interesting Cases of Genes
      • The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
      • Variation in Species
      • Phenotype plasticity
    • R Programming
      • Practice 2
      • Practice 3
    • Statistics and R
      • Random Variables and Probability Distributions
      • Central Limit Theorem
    • Week 4 Exam
  • Week 5
    • Statistics and R
      • Confidence Interval
      • Introduction to Inference
      • t-distribution and Comparing Means
      • Linear Models
    • Experimental Techniques
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
      • Gel Electrophoresis
      • Sanger Sequencing
      • NGS Sequencing
    • Week 5 Exam
  • Week 6
    • Statistics and R
      • Power
      • ANOVA
      • Covariance and Correlation
    • NGS
      • Basic Unix Commands
      • Sequences and Genomic Features
      • FastQC
      • Practice Exercises
    • Week 6 Exam
  • Week 7
    • Statistics and R
      • Monte Carlo Simulation
      • Exploratory Data Analysis
      • Linear Regression
    • NGS
      • BEDtools
      • Alignment and Sequence Variation
      • Integrated Genomics Viewer
    • Week 7 Exam
  • Week 8
    • NGS
      • Variant Calling With GATK
      • Practice 1
    • Week 8 Exam
  • Module Syllabi
  • Additional Resources
  • Conclusion
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On this page
  • What Are Macromolecules?
  • The Bare Minimum
  • Advanced Content
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Congratulations!

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  1. Week 1
  2. Molecular Biology

Macromolecules

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The guide often provides information from other resources through hyperlinks. Whenever you come across one, make sure to review its content before moving on.

What Are Macromolecules?

Macromolecules, also termed polymers, are large, complex molecules that are usually formed from the product of smaller molecules called monomers.

To learn about the macromolecules, read , and come back afterward.

As you just read, there a 4 major types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We'll review each of them thoroughly.

The Bare Minimum

If you already have a biological background, or do not want to indulge in the details of macromolecule structure and functions, then consider the below information just enough to move on to the next chapter.

Generally, in biology or organic chemistry people talk about 4 general classes of molecules:

  • Nucleic acids - you may be familiar with these. They are the structural components of DNA and RNA

  • Lipids - these are oily and fat molecules (some steroids too). They are present in places like the cell surface or feathers (to make them waterproof), and butter or cheese.

  • Carbohydrates - substances like sugars and starches (bread, pasta)

  • Proteins - these are considered the structural machinery of the body - things like hair and muscles and so on and so forth. Proteins build the majority of cellular structures and perform most life functions (e.g. enzymes, antibodies, and transporters are all proteins). They work in a complicated and coordinated manner to support life and are the target of most medicines today.

This just about covers the main points you need to know. At this point, you are free to skip to the . However, if you would like to learn more about macromolecules, then keep on reading.

Advanced Content

Carbohydrates

Now, watch the following video outlining the molecular structure of glucose.

Next, get familiar with the concept of dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) by watching the following video.

Finally, broaden your knowledge of carbohydrates and the underlying processes by watching the videos below.

Lipids

Next, get familiar with the concept of fats, their types, and molecular structures by watching the following two videos.

Finally, conclude with the video below.

Proteins

Last but definitely not least, we will review the monomers that have perhaps the broadest range of functions - proteins.

Congratulations!

If you made it here, then congratulations! You have successfully completed this section. Move to the next portion of the guide with the arrow buttons below.

Note: Nucleic acids are not covered in this chapter. Information about them is provided in the

First, you need to get an idea of what carbohydrates are. In order to do that, read , and come back afterward.

Like the other biological macromolecules, lipids play essential roles in the biology of humans and other organisms. To start, read about lipids, and come back afterward.

To start, read , which outlines the main characteristics of proteins, and come back here afterward.

Next, read to find out more about the orders of protein structure.

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